Vector Files for CNC Machines
CNC machines require clean vector geometry to generate accurate toolpaths. This guide covers which vector file formats work with CNC routers, how to prepare high-quality CNC vectors from images, and what to check before sending a file to the machine.
About Vector files for CNC machines
CNC machines — routers, plasma cutters, laser cutters, water jets — all work from vector geometry loaded into CAM software. The CAM software generates toolpaths from the vector shapes and posts machine code (G-code) for the controller. The quality of the vector file directly affects the quality of the machined output.
Vector formats for CNC machines: — DXF: the most universally accepted CNC input format. Used by Vectric VCarve, Fusion 360, SheetCam, Mach3, and virtually all CAM software. — SVG: accepted by Easel (Inventables), Carbide Create, and laser-focused CAM software like LightBurn. — AI / EPS: accepted by some higher-end CAM packages and sign-making software. — HPGL / PLT: used by some legacy and industrial CNC plotters and vinyl cutters.
What makes a CNC-ready vector file: — All paths are closed (no open endpoints). — No overlapping or duplicate paths — causes double-cuts or toolpath errors. — Path complexity is minimized — simplified curves machine smoother. — Correct scale in document units (mm or inches to match the CAM setup). — No embedded raster images — only vector paths.
Creating CNC vectors from images: 1. Vectorize the image (PNG, JPG) using the vectorizer to get SVG paths. 2. Simplify paths in Inkscape (Path > Simplify). 3. Export to DXF for most CAM software. 4. Import and generate toolpaths in the CAM application.